Plural Noun Forms

Plural Noun Forms
The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter ( s )

Snake …. Snakes  .  
 Cat …. Cats  
 Dog ….. Dogs



Words that end in( ch, x, s , o or s )-like sounds, however, will require  (es) for the plural:

· Witch = Witches
· Box = Boxes
· Gas = Gases
· Bus = Buses
· Kiss = Kisses
      ·  Potato = Potatoes
· Hero Heroes

With words that end in a consonant and  (y ) you'll need to change the y and add (ies)
·  Baby = Babies.
· Country = Countries.
This rule does not apply to proper nouns:
· boy = boys

Plurals of words that end in  ( f or fe ) usually change the f sound to ves. .
 
      knife = knives            
· leaf = leaves
· hoof = hooves
· life = lives
· self = selves
There are, however, exceptions:
· roof = roofs

There are several nouns that have irregular plural forms

· child = children
· woman = women
· man = men
· person = people
· goose = geese
· mouse = mice








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Present Continuous

Present Continuous
Form :


Am\ is \ are + ing .

He is watching T.V                You are watching T.V

The   spelling some times change  before ing .

Take …..Taking     Put ……Putting


Question and Negative :

Is Hoda  working in the factory ?

Ahmed isn't helping his father today  ?



USE  1  Now



Use the Present Continuous with  verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.


Examples:
· You are learning English now.
· You are not swimming now.
· Are you sleeping?
· I am sitting.
· I am not standing.
· Is he sitting or standing?
· They are reading their books.
· They are not watching television.
· What are you doing?
· Why aren't you doing your homework?


USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now


In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.


Examples:
· I am studying to become a doctor.
· I am not studying to become a dentist.
· I am reading the book..
· I am not reading any books right now.
· Are you working on any special projects at work?
· Aren't you teaching at the university now?

USE 3 Near Future


Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.


Examples:
· I am meeting some friends after work.
· I am not going to the party tonight.
· Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
· Isn't he coming with us tonight?
USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like  present simple  but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."


Examples:
· She is always coming to class late.
· He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
· I don't like them because they are always complaining.

Exercise:
Put the verbs between brackets in the correct form using Present Continuous .


1.     Ahmed ----------------a book now.( read )
2.     I ----------- about the exam at the moment. (think)
3.     ------------------------- now ? ( you / sleep )
4.     We ---------------------- now. (not /eat )
5.     where -----------------------? ( you / go )
6.     why ---------------------?( Ahmed and Ali / fight )
7.     You -------------------------to me. ( not / listen )
8.     The cat ---------------------------------- some milk. ( drink )
9.     What ---------------------------- at the moment ? ( you / do )
10. Hello, mum. I ---------------------- you  from Dubai . ( call )
11.     The sun always -----------------------down in the west. (go )
12.     Look! The sun -------------------------down now . (go )
13.     My brother can’t talk to you now. He ------ his car. (repair )
14. Excuse me, you ---------------------- on my foot. ( stand )                  
15. Look at that bird, it --------------------- high in the sky (fly)

Present Simple

Present Simple

Form

I \  you \ we  \ they       He \ She \ It

They  live                         He  lives

We make question with do or does + infinitive .

 Do you go to school early like Hoda ?

Does Hoda like her life  in Cairo ?


We make negatives with do not ( don't ) or does not (doesn't )

Ahmed don't mind the hard work ?

Hoda doesn't often go to the city


USE 1 Repeated Actions
Use the Present Simple  to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:
· I play tennis.
· She does not play tennis.
· Does he play tennis?
· The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
· The train does not leave at 9 AM.
· When does the train usually leave?
· She always forgets her purse.
· He never forgets his wallet.
· Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
· Does the Sun circle the Earth?


USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Present  Simple can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:
· Cats like milk.
· Birds do not like milk.
· Do pigs like milk?
· California is in America.
· California is not in the United Kingdom.
· Windows are made of glass.
· Windows are not made of wood.
USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.
Examples:
· The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
· The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
· When do we board the plane?
· The party starts at 8 o'clock.
· When does class begin tomorrow?
USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now

Examples:
· I am here now.
· She is not here now.
· He needs help right now.
· He does not need help now.
· He has his passport in his hand.
· Do you have your passport with you?

Exercise
Put the verbs between brackets in the correct form:


1.    Ali ------ -------------------------- football.( like)
2.    Aisha----- ---------- school.(not like)        
3.    the dog and the cat - ------ in the garden.( sleep )
4.    Where ---do you ------- ----------------? ( you / live )
5.    ------- -------English well ?  (you / speak )
6.    The sun --------- ----------------in the East .( rise )
7.    Ahmed and Ali ----------- in Casablanca. (not live )
8.    When ----------- ?    ( Khalid /get up)
9.    Coptic Christians ----------- seven times a day. (pray)
10. I usually ----------- rice for lunch. (have)